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Statistics? Statistically speaking they studied 0.00000135% of the population all located in California.
Again, proving the point
I don't have the time or energy to do a full statistic course, but there's the whole thing of sampling https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)
For a very basic example, say you have 1 million people, 200 000 prefers burgers, and 800 000 prefers pizza, then say out you pick people out randomly from the group of 1 million people
How many do you need to pick out to have a 95% certainty that the ratio falls within 95% of the general distribution in the population? The answer is: 246. 246 is a big enough sample size for a 95% confidence that you are within 95% of the range of the general population distribution in this specific example
There's a lot more to this, of course, but hopefully this is sufficient to showcase that you do not need large amounts of data to derive conclusive results
Usually in a scientific context you go more the route of calculating the confidence percentage that the data you got is random, also known as null-hypothesis testing, where the confidence percentage is the p-value. So the inverse of that is the confidence that it's not random
But, again, there's so much more to statistics than this, this is just the very basics.
I understand sampling, but the sample doesn’t represent the human population. Do the same test to 108 in Okinawa or any other blue zone and watch the results be different.
That’s like only sampling the burger people and then concluding that most people like burgers.
Assuming that people are biologically different enough between these two areas that is, or some other localized cause of aging at these years. Which I don't find particularly likely, but yes, it is an assumption
As always, bigger studies are desirable, but idk if it's much of a criticism of studies. These are for a scientific audience, after all
You're ignoring so many factors though. Lifestyle, diets, different genetic background, etc.
Would those make a difference, I don't know. But science doesn't operate by saying "we'll just ignore all these possible variables and make an assumption." Having a sample of people all from one US State then applying that to the entire world's population is not good science.