SXMO?
I think closest to your idea is speech recognition and an AI assistant. You can give it commands that way.
I don't think there's much that includes fat fingers and touchscreens and is possible without a graphical UI.
You could buy an old Nokia from the 90s with lots of text menus. That won't speed things up but it's certainly less icons, more text and as a bonus you can feel the physical buttons without looking at the phone.
Or a Blackberry with a qwerty-keabord on it. Or use convergence and attach a proper keyboard via USB and install Termux.
Theoretically you could have it project a "holographic" keyboard onto the desk in front of you. Or use VR glasses.
Or hold it sideways and type with 8 fingers simultaneously alike on a stenotype keyboard.
That'd be ways to improve on the keyboard / input method and allow you to use the CLI in it's current form. I mean the CLI itself is already available. It's just cumbersome to use it. I'd say a speech assistant is more it, if you want an entirely different concept and not just a better keyboard and/or larger screen.
